Securities Lawyer's Deskbook                          published by The University of Cincinnati College of Law

Rule 421 -- Presentation of Information in Prospectuses

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1. The information required in a prospectus need not follow the order of the items or other requirements in the form. Such information shall not, however, be set forth in such fashion as to obscure any of the required information or any information necessary to keep the required information from being incomplete or misleading. Where an item requires information to be given in a prospectus in tabular form it shall be given in substantially the tabular form specified in the item.
   
   
2. You must present the information in a prospectus in a clear, concise and understandable manner. You must prepare the prospectus using the following standards:
   
   
   1. Present information in clear, concise sections, paragraphs, and sentences. Whenever possible, use short, explanatory sentences and bullet lists;
      
      
   2. Use descriptive headings and subheadings;
      
      
   3. Avoid frequent reliance on glossaries or defined terms as the primary means of explaining information in the prospectus. Define terms in a glossary or other section of the document only if the meaning is unclear from the context. Use a glossary only if it facilitates understanding of the disclosure; and
      
      
   4. Avoid legal and highly technical business terminology.
      
      

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   Note to Rule 421(b):
   
   In drafting the disclosure to comply with this section, you should avoid the following:
   
   
   1. Legalistic or overly complex presentations that make the substance of the disclosure difficult to understand;
      
      
   2. Vague "boilerplate" explanations that are imprecise and readily subject to different interpretations;
      
      
   3. Complex information copied directly from legal documents without any clear and concise explanation of the provision(s); and
      
      
   4. Disclosure repeated in different sections of the document that increases the size of the document but does not enhance the quality of the information.

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3. All information required to be included in a prospectus shall be clearly understandable without the necessity of referring to the particular form or to the general rules and regulations. Except as to financial statements and information required in a tabular form, the information set forth in a prospectus may be expressed in condensed or summarized form. In lieu of repeating information in the form of notes to financial statements, references may be made to other parts of the prospectus where such information is set forth.
   
   
4. 1. To enhance the readability of the prospectus, you must use plain English principles in the organization, language, and design of the front and back cover pages, the summary, and the risk factors section.
      
      
   2. You must draft the language in these sections so that at a minimum it substantially complies with each of the following plain English writing principles:
      
      
      1. Short sentences;
         
         
      2. Definite, concrete, everyday words;
         
         
      3. Active voice;
         
         
      4. Tabular presentation or bullet lists for complex material, whenever possible;
         
         
      5. No legal jargon or highly technical business terms; and
         
         
      6. No multiple negatives.
         
         
   3. In designing these sections or other sections of the prospectus, you may include pictures, logos, charts, graphs, or other design elements so long as the design is not misleading and the required information is clear. You are encouraged to use tables, schedules, charts and graphic illustrations of the results of operations, balance sheet, or other financial data that present the data in an understandable manner. Any presentation must be consistent with the financial statements and non-financial information in the prospectus. You must draw the graphs and charts to scale. Any information you provide must not be misleading.
      
      

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   Instruction to Rule 421
   
   You should read Securities Act Release No. 33-7497 (January 28, 1998) for information on plain English principles.

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